Sri Lanka's International Monetary Fund bailout plan could be a turning point in its worst economic crisis, but far-from-stable politics and a need to get debt relief from competing powers China, India, and Japan means some of the hardest work is still to come.

President Ranil Wickremesinghe knows many circles will need to be squared for IMF's US$2.9 billion (RM13.05 billion) lifeline to become a reality.

Spending cuts, tax hikes, and debt write-downs are a common formula for bankrupt countries, but crisis veterans say there are some uniquely difficult elements here.

An impoverished population that forced former President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to flee in July still needs to accept Wickremesinghe, seen by many as of the same political ilk and a man who faces a bristling opposition.

The country's borrowings are so complex that estimates of the total range anywhere from US$85 billion to well over US$100 billion. To get it to a sustainable level, Beijing, New Delhi, Tokyo, multilaterals, and global asset managers must all swallow losses.

"This one of the biggest messes I've ever seen," said Renaissance Capital's chief economist Charles Robertson, who has watched emerging market crises unfold for decades.

"The government destroyed its revenue base with unsustainable tax cuts, it tried to hold the currency when tourism revenues collapsed and now it has no reserves in the bank and a population facing widespread poverty."

Estimates from the United Nations say the crisis has left more than a quarter of Sri Lanka's 22 million population struggling to secure adequate, nutritious food.

The IMF's four-year rescue plan provisionally agreed last week demands serious fiscal repair work and more autonomy for the central bank, which was ordered to frantically print money under Rajapaksa.

To hit the IMF's target of lifting its primary budget surplus to 2.4 percent by 2025, Sri Lanka would get its economy growing by around 6 percent, something not achieved for about five years. This year, the economy expected to contract at least 8 percent.

Courting Asia’s heavyweights

Just as challenging, the IMF wants Colombo to secure "financing assurances" - Fund speak for debt relief and new loans - from regional heavyweights China, Japan, and India who have long jostled for influence.

The World Bank estimates Beijing's lending, which has funded costly projects from ports to stadiums, adds up to US$7 billion, or 12 percent of Sri Lanka's US$63 billion external debt. Japan has provided another US$3.5 billion while India has given around US$1 billion.

Without the "assurances" from those countries, the Fund's money cannot flow, IMF Mission Chief Peter Breuer stressed.

"Finding creative ways to have a collaborative platform to advance these debt restructuring discussions is very useful," Breuer told Reuters. "How debt relief is distributed amongst creditors… that is something we don't insert ourselves into."

Uncommon framework?

The crisis has culminated in Sri Lanka's starkest crisis and first debt default since independence from Britain in 1948. The rupee almost halved in value since the central bank abandoned its peg in March, basic goods have become scarce and inflation is now running at 64 percent.

Economists say the restructuring could have been far simpler if the country had been part of the G20 "Common Framework" plan - a programme set up at the height of Covid-19 to help debt-crippled countries. At the time, Sri Lanka was classified as a middle-income country and did not qualify.

China automatically provides debt relief alongside "Paris Club" countries and private sector creditors under that arrangement. Colombo's absence from the setup means an alternative is needed.

Step up Japan - which is now pushing for China, India, and others to join talks. Beijing, which did not respond to a request for comment, has not yet signalled if it will, although there are hopes its lead role in Zambia's restructuring may encourage it to do so. India has not commented so far.

Pessimists worry though that if China doesn't take a writedown others won't either, including global asset managers who hold nearly US$20 billion of Sri Lanka's international bonds.

"China is the largest creditor country. Without its participation, any scheme won't succeed," a Japanese government official who requested anonymity said.

Doom loop

Another problem is what to do about the country's US$50.5 billion of "local" debt mostly denominated in rupee and largely held as capital by commercial banks and local pension funds.

Sanjeewa Fernando, Head of Research at CT CLSA Securities said it won't be a straightforward decision, especially with elections looming in 2024.

"From a realistic point of view, banks are preparing for a 40 percent haircut (on Sri Lanka's international bonds and 'development' bonds which are also denominated in dollars) as a base case scenario," he said.

Even that might not be enough though, given the IMF wants the debt-to-GDP ratio slashed to under 100 percent from 140 percent currently.

That would put domestic debt in play but David Beers, a Senior Fellow at the New York-based Center for Financial Stability who has compiled a global database of sovereign defaults said there are always tradeoffs.

"If the domestic debt is predominately held by domestic banks and you get haircuts, then that eats into their capital," he said, adding that they might then require bailouts which add to the government's costs again.

- Reuters