The French morning ritual of a coffee and croissant became more complicated on Monday as people had to show proof of vaccination or a negative Covid-19 test before taking a seat at their favourite cafe, though numerous eateries ignored the new rules.

A health pass now has to be shown to eat in a restaurant, drink in a bar, access non-emergency treatment in a hospital or travel on an intercity train, part of a government drive to contain a fourth wave of infections...